Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zamasethi etiye le-porcelain, eziyinhloko yilezi: amasethi etiye e-celadon, amasethi etiye elimhlophe le-porcelain, amasethi etiye elimnyama le-porcelain namasethi anemibala yobumba. Lezi zitsha zetiye zibe nekhasi elikhazimulayo emlandweni wokuthuthukiswa kwesiko letiye lamaShayina.
Celadon tea set
Isethi yetiye le-Celadon enekhwalithi ye-xxx ekhiqizwa e-Zhejiang. Kusukela kudala oBukhosi BamaHan BaseMpumalanga, ukukhiqizwa kwe-celadon enombala omsulwa nokukhanya okukhanyayo kwaqala. I-Yue kiln, i-Wu kiln kanye ne-Ou kiln e-Zhejiang e-Jin Dynasty zifinyelele esikalini esikhulu. Enkathini Yobukhosi Bengoma, njengomunye weziko ezinhlanu ezidumile ngaleso sikhathi, isethi yetiye ye-celadon eyakhiqizwa u-Zhejiang Longquan Ge Kiln yayisifinyelele umvuthwandaba futhi yathunyelwa emhlabeni wonke. OkaMing, amasethi etiye e-celadon ayedume kakhulu ngokubukeka kwawo okuntekenteke, ukubukeka kwawo okunesithunzi, ukucwebezela kwawo okuluhlaza, namaphethini awo amahle. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, i-celadon yaseLongquan yathunyelwa eFrance, yabangela ukudumazeka kulo lonke elaseFrance, futhi abantu bayiqhathanisa nengubo enhle eluhlaza yeqhawekazi uXue Latong emdlalweni odumile othi “Shepherdess” owawudumile eYurophu ngaleso sikhathi, futhi wabiza iLongquan celadon ngokuthi “Xue Laton” njengengcebo eyivelakancane. Ezikhathini zamanje, amasethi etiye e-Zhejiang Longquan celadon anentuthuko entsha, futhi imikhiqizo emisha iyaqhubeka nokuphuma. Ngaphezu kwezinzuzo eziningi zamasethi wetiye le-porcelain, le sethi yetiye isetshenziselwa ukwenza itiye eliluhlaza ngenxa yombala walo oluhlaza, okuzuzisa kakhulu ebuhleni besobho. Nokho, ukuyisebenzisela ukwenza itiye elimnyama, itiye elimhlophe, itiye eliphuzi, netiye elimnyama kulula ukwenza isobho letiye lilahlekelwe ukubukeka kwalo kwasekuqaleni, okubonakala kunganele.
Isethi yetiye elimhlophe le-porcelain
Itiye le-porcelain elimhlophe linezici ze-billet eliminyene nelisobala, umlilo ocwebezelisiwe ophezulu nowobumba, alikho ukumuncwa kwamanzi, umsindo ocacile kanye nemvumelwano ende. Ngenxa yombala wayo omhlophe, ingabonisa umbala wesobho letiye, ukudluliswa kokushisa okusesilinganisweni nokusebenza kokulondoloza ukushisa, kanye nokwakheka okumibalabala nokuhlukile, okungabizwa ngokuthi ingcebo ezitsheni zokuphuza itiye. Kusukela ngo-Tang Dynasty, izitsha zobumba ezimhlophe ezakhiqizwa u-Xingyao esifundazweni sase-Hebei "zazisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke yizikhulu nezicukuthwane emhlabeni." U-Bai Juyi we-Tang Dynasty naye wabhala izinkondlo ezincoma izitsha zetiye ezimhlophe ezikhiqizwe e-Dayi, eSichuan. Ezikhathini Zobukhosi base-Yuan, amasethi etiye elimhlophe le-porcelain e-Jingdezhen, eSifundazweni sase-Jiangxi athunyelwe phesheya. Namuhla, amasethi etiye e-porcelain amhlophe avuselelwa nakakhulu. Leli sethi letiye elicwebezelisiwe elimhlophe lilungele ukuphiswa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zetiye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isethi yetiye le-porcelain emhlophe isesimweni esihle futhi ihlotshiswe kahle, futhi udonga lwalo lwangaphandle lupendwe kakhulu ngezintaba nemifula, izimbali nezitshalo zonyaka, izinyoni nezilwane, izindaba zabalingiswa, noma luhlotshiswe nge-calligraphy yosaziwayo, futhi lunokwazisa kobuciko impela, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa kakhulu.
Isethi yetiye ye-porcelain emnyama
Amasethi etiye le-porcelain emnyama, aqala ngasekupheleni koBukhosi BamaTang, achuma eNgomeni, aqhubeka eYuan, futhi enqaba ebukhosini bakwaMing noQing, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kusukela ekuqaleni kweNgoma xxx, indlela yokuphuza itiye.
Kancane kancane liye lashintsha lisuka endleleni ye-Sencha ku-Tang Dynasty laya endleleni yoku-oda itiye, futhi itiye lokulwa elidumile eSigabeni Sobukhosi Sengoma lidale izimo zokukhuphuka kwamasethi etiye le-porcelain emnyama.
Abantu beNgoma balinganise umphumela wetiye lokulwa, babheka umbala nokufana kwesobho le-noodle yetiye, base bebeka "okumhlophe okukhanyayo" kuqala; Okwesibili, bheka ubukhona noma ukungabikho kwezimpawu zamanzi lapho kuhlangana khona imbali yesobho nesibani setiye futhi ngokushesha noma kamuva kuvele, "kungekho zimpawu zamanzi esibanini" njengenhla. UCai Xiang, owayeyisithunywa sesithathu ngaleso sikhathi, ukubeke kwacaca “kuRekhodi Yetiye” yakhe:
"Kuhle kakhulu ukubona ukuthi ubuso bakhe bumhlophe qwa futhi abukho izimpawu zamanzi; Ekwakhiweni kokuhlolwa kwempi, owokuqala onophawu lwamanzi nguye ohluliwe, futhi ohlala njalo uyawina. Futhi isethi yetiye elimnyama le-porcelain,
Njengoba ubukhosi beNgoma uZhu Mu esho ku-"Fang Yu Shengyan", "Brown imhlophe, isibani esimnyama, izimpawu zayo ziqinisekisa kalula". Ngakho-ke, isibani setiye sobumba obumnyama sobukhosi beNgoma saba izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zamasethi wetiye le-porcelain. I-Fujian Jianyao, i-Jiangxi Jizhou Kiln, i-Shanxi Yuci Kiln, njll., zonke zikhiqiza amasethi etiye le-porcelain elimnyama ngobuningi, libe indawo eyinhloko yokukhiqiza amasethi etiye le-porcelain emnyama. Phakathi kwamasethi etiye elimnyama le-porcelain, i-"Jianzhen" ekhiqizwe nguJianyao iyona enconywa kakhulu. "Irekhodi Letiye" likaCai Xiang lisho lokhu:
"Umdali we-Jian'an... Okubaluleke kakhulu. Labo abavela kwezinye izindawo, abancane noma abansomi, abalungile njengabo bobabili. "Ifomula eyingqayizivele yenza i-glaze ibonakale imithende onogwaja, amabala e-partridge, namabala elanga ngesikhathi sokudubula, uma isobho setiye sesibani,
Ingakhipha ukukhanya okumibalabala, okwandisa intshisekelo yokulwa netiye. Ekuqaleni koMbuso we-Ming, ngenxa yokuthi indlela "yokupheka" yayihlukile kuleyo Yobukhosi Bengoma, izibani ze-porcelain zokwakha ezimnyama "zazibonakala zingafaneleki", kuphela "njengokulungiselela eyodwa".
Isethi yetiye ye-porcelain enombala
Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zamasethi etiye anemibala, phakathi kwawo amasethi etiye e-porcelain eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokumhlophe adonsa amehlo kakhulu. Isethi yetiye ye-porcelain eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe, empeleni, ibhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-cobalt oxide njenge-ejenti yombala, ebonisa ngokuqondile iphethini ethayini le-porcelain, bese imboza ungqimba lwe-glaze esobala, bese inciphisa futhi iqhume ekushiseni okuphezulu okungaba ngu-1300 ° C kuhhavini.
Kodwa-ke, ukuqonda "okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" kumbala "wembali eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" nakho kuhlukile ezikhathini zasendulo nezanamuhla. Abadala bebonke babiza imibala emnyama, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eluhlaza kanye neminye ngokuthi "luhlaza", ngakho incazelo ye "mbali eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" ibanzi kuneyabantu banamuhla. Ibonakala ngokuthi:
Iphethini eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe ikhombisana, ejabulisa iso; Imibala iyababazeka futhi iyathandeka, futhi kunombala ocwebezelayo
Amandla obukhazikhazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-glaze ezintweni zombala ibonakala inomanzi futhi ikhanya, enezela entendeni yetiye eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe.
Kwaze kwaba phakathi noBukhosi be-Yuan obuphakathi nendawo nasekupheleni lapho amasethi etiye enziwe ngobumba aluhlaza namhlophe aqala ukukhiqizwa ngamaqoqo, ikakhulukazi i-Jingdezhen, eyaba yindawo eyinhloko yokukhiqiza yamasethi etiye enziwe ngobumba oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe e-China. Ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lobuchwepheshe bokudweba isethi yetiye le-porcelain eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe, ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa kwamasu okudweba endabuko yamaShayina ku-porcelain, lokhu kungabuye kushiwo ukuthi kuyimpumelelo enkulu yomdwebo we-Yuan Dynasty. Ngemuva koBukhosi bukaYuan, ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa kwesethi yetiye eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nemhlophe eJingdezhen, kwakukhona nenani elincane lamasethi etiye aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe akhiqizwa eYuxi, Jianshui eYunnan, Jiangshan nakwezinye izindawo eZhejiang, kodwa noma ngabe umbala ocwebezelayo, ikhwalithi yesondo, umhlobiso, amakhono okudweba, awakwazanga ukukhiqizwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ne-blue teang kanye ne-sezhen tezhen. I-Ming Dynasty, ukukhiqizwa kwe-Jingdezhen yamasethi etiye e-porcelain eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe, njengamabhodwe etiye, izinkomishi zetiye, izibani zetiye, izinhlobo eziningi zemibala, ikhwalithi ecwengiwe ngokwengeziwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuma, ukuma, ukuhlobisa, njll. kukhona phezulu kwezwe, kube okunye ukukhiqizwa kwetiye elihlaza okwesibhakabhaka nelomhlophe setha iziko lokulingisa into, isethi ye-Qing, ubukhosi betiye elimhlophe kanye nenkathi ye-pocelang emhlophe, ikakhulukazi inkathi ye-pocelain e-Yorlong, i-Qing Dynasty kanye nenkathi ye-pocelain eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. yokuthuthukiswa kwezitsha zobumba zasendulo, futhi yangena esiqongweni esingokomlando, yadlula ubukhosi bangaphambili, yathinta izizukulwane ezizayo. Izitsha zobumba eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezimhlophe ezadutshulwa ngesikhathi soBukhosi buka-Kangxi zaziwa ngokuthi "ezingcono kakhulu ze-Qing Dynasty" emlandweni.
