Ukudonsa okungenalutho - udaka olungenalutho lubekwe ku-reel (okungukuthi, esondweni), futhi amandla okujikeleza kwe-reel asetshenziselwa ukudonsa udaka olungenalutho endaweni oyifunayo ngezandla zombili, okuyindlela evamile yokukhiqiza i-ceramics e-China, futhi le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-billet. Amadiski, izitsha kanye nezinye izinto eziyindilinga zakhiwe ngendlela yokudweba engenalutho.
Izitsha zobumba ezidwetshwe ngesandla
I-Billet - uma okungenalutho okudwetshiwe komile kancane, kubekwe ku-reel futhi kusikwe ngommese ukwenza ubuso bushelelezi, bushube futhi bulingane, le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-billet.
Unyawo lokumba - lapho insimbi eyindilinga idonswa ingenalutho, udaka oluqondiwe (isibambo) olude lwamasentimitha amathathu lushiywa phansi, bese kuthi unyawo olungaphansi lomkhumbi wokumba lumbiwe phansi, le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi unyawo lokumba.
Isakhiwo somucu wobumba â indlela yakudala yokubumba izitsha zobumba. Lapho lwenziwa, udaka luqala lugoqelwe lube yimicu emide, bese lwakhiwe kusukela phansi kuya phezulu ngokuvumelana nezidingo zomumo, bese ngaphakathi nangaphandle bushelelezi ngesandla noma ngamathuluzi alula ukuze lwenze isitsha. Izitsha zobumba ezenziwe ngale ndlela zivame ukushiya iminonjana yodaka ezindongeni zangaphakathi.
Isistimu yamasondo - indlela yokwenza i-ceramics enamasondo anamasondo, ingxenye eyinhloko yisondo eliyindilinga lezinkuni, kukhona i-shaft eqondile ngaphansi kwesondo, indawo engezansi ye-shaft eqondile ingcwatshwe enhlabathini, futhi kukhona ihabhu ukuze kube lula ukujikeleza kwesondo. Usebenzisa amandla okujikeleza esondo, sebenzisa izandla zombili ukudonsa udaka olungenalutho lube sesimweni oyifunayo. Indlela yokuzungezisa yaqala ngesiko le-Neolithic Dawenkou sekwephuzile, futhi izinto zobuciko ezikhiqizwayo zazinokwakheka okujwayelekile futhi zifana ngokujiya.
Ukubuyisela emuva â indlela yokudubula i-porcelain. Amaqebelengwane ama-cushion noma isihlabathi esihle esimelana nokushisa okuphezulu afakwa ebhokisini, futhi izitsha zosiwe ngendlela ehlelekile, ebizwa ngokuthi i-backburning.
Ungawapakisha kanjani ama-gasket angama-triangular enqubweni yokubuyisela emuva
Ukupakisha â indlela yokudubula i-porcelain. Okusho ukuthi, izingcezu eziningi zempahla ziyapakishwa ndawonye futhi zishiswe, futhi izitsha zihlukaniswa ngokwehlukana ukuze ziphecelele izinto ezishile. Ingahlukaniswa ngokuthi:
(1) Ukunqwabelana kwezipikili, le ndlela yayisetshenziswa ezikhathini zasendulo;
(2) Ukudubula okunqwabelene kweziyingi zamagatsha, njengamahhanisi angashintshi;
3 imikhiqizo.
Ukushisa ngokweqile â indlela yokudubula i-porcelain. Okusho ukuthi, i-porcelain imbozwa futhi yosiwe ebhokisini elinendandatho yokusekela noma i-brace trapezoidal brace, eyaqala eNyakatho Yengoma Yobukhosi futhi yasetshenziswa ohlelweni lweziko lobumba lwe-Qingbai e-Jingdezhen kanye nesifunda esiseningizimu-mpumalanga. Izinzuzo ziyisivuno esikhulu kanye nokuguqulwa okuncane; Ububi wukuthi umlomo wesitsha awukhanyisiwe, okungelula ukuwusebenzisa.
Ukudubula kwemifino - kubhekisela kuma-ceramics adinga ukuxoshwa kabili, okungukuthi, okokuqala faka kuhhavini ukuze ushise okungenalutho endaweni yokushisa ephansi (cishe 750 ~ 950 ° C), ebizwa ngokuthi ukudubula kwemifino, bese, kucwebezela futhi kuhhavini ukuze kushiswe. Ingakhuphula amandla omzimba oluhlaza futhi ithuthukise izinga lobuqiniso.
Umbuthano we-astringent - ngaphambi kokuthi kufakwe i-porcelain blank, ingaphakathi lesitsha likhishwa isiyingi se-glaze, futhi indawo engacwebezeli ibizwa ngokuthi "umbuthano we-astringent", owawudumile ebukhosini bukaJin naseYuan.
I-Dip glaze - I-glaze ecwilisiwe ingenye yezindlela ze-ceramic glazing, eyaziwa nangokuthi "i-glaze yokucwilisa". Umzimba oluhlaza ucwiliswa ku-glaze isikhashana bese uyasuswa, futhi ukumuncwa kwamanzi okuluhlaza kusetshenziselwa ukwenza unamathisele ocwebezelayo unamathele kulokho okungenalutho. Ugqinsi longqimba olucwebezelayo kulawulwa ukumuncwa kwamanzi kokungenalutho, ukugxilwa kwe-glaze slurry, nesikhathi se-maceration. Ilungele ukucwebezela isondo eliwugqinsi nemikhiqizo yenkomishi nesitsha.
Ukuphephetha kwe-glaze - kungenye yezindlela zendabuko zokucwenga eChina. Mboza ngeshubhu le-bamboo ngentambo ecolekileyo, cwilisa ku-glaze bese uyiphephetha ngomlomo wakho, inani lokushaywa kwe-glaze lincike kusayizi wesitsha, kuze kufike ku-17 ~ 18 izikhathi, kancane njengezikhathi ezi-3 ~ 4. Izinzuzo zayo zenza i-glaze ngaphakathi kwezitsha iyunifomu futhi ihambisane, futhi le ndlela isetshenziselwa kakhulu izitsha ezinkulu, amathayi amancane nemikhiqizo ecwebeziwe. Kwaqalwa e-Jingdezhen e-Ming Dynasty.
I-glazing - inqubo ecwebezelayo yezinto ezinkulu, ingenye yezindlela zendabuko zokucwenga eChina. Bamba indishi noma ukhezo esandleni ngasinye, ugoqe inhlama ecwebezelayo, bese uyithela phezu komzimba oluhlaza.
I-glaze - enye yezindlela zendabuko zokucwenga eChina. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, i-glaze paste ithululelwa ngaphakathi kokungenalutho, bese inyakaziswa, ukuze phezulu naphansi kwesokunxele nakwesokudla kucwebezeliswe ngokulinganayo, futhi ukunamathisela okucwebezelayo okweqile kuthululwa, le ndlela ifanele amabhodlela, izimbiza namanye amathuluzi.
Ukuphrinta â inqubo yokuhlobisa izitsha zobumba. Umbono oqoshwe ngephethini yokuhlobisa uphrintwa emzimbeni oluhlaza uma ungakasomisi, yingakho igama. Phakathi nenkathi yeNtwasahlobo neNkwindla kanye naMazwe Alwayo, izitsha zobumba eziqinile eziphrintiwe bezisetshenziswa kakhulu, futhi kusukela lapho, ziye zaba enye yezindlela zokuhlobisa zendabuko zezitsha zobumba eChina. I-porcelain ephrinta i-Ding kiln ye-Song Dynasty imele kakhulu.
Ukunwaya - inqubo yokuhlobisa ye-porcelain. Sebenzisa ithuluzi elicijile ukumaka imigqa ku-porcelain engenalutho ukuze uhlobise iphethini, yingakho igama. Yachuma eNkathini Yobukhosi Bengoma, inezimbali, izinyoni, izibalo, odrako namaphoenix.
Ukuqopha - inqubo yokuhlobisa ye-porcelain. Sebenzisa ummese ukuze uqophe iphethini yokuhlobisa endaweni engenalutho ye-porcelain, yingakho igama. Ibonakala ngamandla amakhulu, futhi imigqa ijulile futhi ibanzi kune-stroke. Yachuma eNkathini Yobukhosi Bengoma futhi yayidume kakhulu ngezinto zobuciko ezibaziweyo zezimbali zase-Yaozhou kiln enyakatho.
Ukukha izimbali - inqubo yokuhlobisa ye-porcelain. Ku-porcelain engenalutho lapho iphethini idwetshwa khona, enye ingxenye ngaphandle kwephethini iyasuswa ukuze iphethini ibe yi-convex, yingakho igama. Kwaqala ohlelweni lweziko laseCizhou olusenyakatho eNkathini Yobukhosi Bengoma, nezimbali ezimhlophe ezinsundu njengezo ezihluke kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sikaJin Yuan, izishisi zobumba eShanxi nazo zazithandwa kakhulu, futhi izimbali ezicwebezelayo zazihlukile.
I-Pearl Ground Scratching â inqubo yokuhlobisa ye-porcelain. Ku-porcelain eklwetshiwe engenalutho, igebe ligcwaliswa ngamaphethini amaparele amahle futhi aminyene, ngakho igama, eliqala kuhhavini le-Tang Henan Mi County, i-Song Dynasty edumile u-Henan, u-Hebei, iziko lobumba lika-Shanxi, imikhiqizo ye-Henan Dengfeng ye-kiln iyona ehluke kakhulu.
I-Appliqué - inqubo yokuhlobisa i-ceramics. Kusetshenziswa ukubumba noma ukuxova nezinye izindlela, amaphethini ahlukahlukene enziwa ngodaka lwamasondo, bese enamathiselwe emzimbeni oluhlaza, yingakho igama. Ama-appliqués ansundu anombala ocwebezelayo ohlanga lozalo lwamaTang kanye neziklo zesihlabathi, kanye nomhlobiso wezinto ezisetshenziswa eTang Sancai ezivela eziko laseGongxian County, eHenan, zonke zidumile.
I-paper cut appliqué - indlela yokuhlobisa ye-porcelain. Ukusika iphepha kuwubuciko bendabuko bendabuko e-China, obufaka amaphethini okusika iphepha emhlobiso we-porcelain, yingakho igama. Isithando somlilo sokuqala saseJizhou esiFundazweni saseJiangxi oBukhosini beNgoma, etiyeni elicwebezelisiwe elimnyama, elihlotshiswe ngezimbali zeplamu, amaqabunga okhuni, ama-phoenixes, izimvemvane namanye amaphethini, umphumela wokusika amaphepha uyamangalisa, unezici zendawo eziqinile.
Izimonyo zobumba â indlela yokuhlobisa umbala wesondo. Ukuze kunxeshezelwe ithonya lombala wesondo le-porcelain, ungqimba lobumba olumhlophe lwe-porcelain lusetshenziswa ethayini elingenalutho ukwenza inyathela ibe bushelelezi futhi ibe mhlophe, ukuze kuthuthukiswe umbala we-glaze, futhi ubumba lwe-porcelain olusetshenziswe kule ndlela lubizwa ngokuthi ubumba lwezimonyo. Ubumba lwezimonyo lwaqala eNtshonalanga Jin Dynasty eWuzhou kiln celadon eZhejiang, i-porcelain emhlophe esenyakatho yayisetshenziswa kakhulu ezikhathini zamakhosi amaSui namaTang, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-Cizhou kiln porcelain eNkathini Yobukhosi beNgoma nakho kwakuvamile, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zokusika zazisetshenziswa kakhulu.
Ukulandelela igolide - inqubo yokuhlobisa i-ceramics. Ipendwe kuma-ceramics ngegolide bese ixoshwa, yingakho igama. I-Song Dynasty Ding Kiln inomkhondo wegolide ocwebezelayo kanye nezinto zokulandela umkhondo zegolide ezicwebezelayo, futhi ngokusho kwemibhalo, i-Song Dynasty Ding Kiln "ependwe ngejusi kagalikhi ngegolide". Kusukela lapho, imidwebo yegolide ku-Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming kanye ne-Qing porcelain ibonakale.
I-Purple iron foot - isici sokuhlobisa se-porcelain. Ezinye izinhlobo zeziko elisemthethweni le-Southern Song Dynasty, i-heirloom kiln kanye ne-Song Dynasty Longquan kiln, ngoba ithambo le-fetus linokuqukethwe kwensimbi ephezulu, lapho lishiswa endaweni encishisiwe, ukucwebezela komlomo wesitsha kugeleza ngaphansi kwamanzi, futhi umbala we-fetus ubansomi lapho ungqimba olucwebezelayo luncane; Ingxenye yonyawo eveziwe i-iron-black, okuyilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "unyawo lwensimbi olunsomi".
I-Gold wire wire - isici sokuhlobisa se-porcelain. I-Heirloom Kiln porcelain, ngenxa yokwandiswa kwe-coefficient ye-glaze yesondo ngesikhathi sokudubula, yakha izingcezu ezicwebezelayo ezivulekile, izingcezu ezinkulu zokusanhlamvu zibonakala zimnyama, izingcezu ezincane zokusanhlamvu zibonakala ziphuzi zegolide, enye emnyama nephuzi eyodwa, okungukuthi, okuthiwa "intambo yensimbi yegolide".
Ukuvulwa - ngenxa yokunwetshwa okuhlukile kokucwebezela amathayi ngesikhathi sokudubula, izinhlobo ezingazodwana zamakhilni asemthethweni we-Song Dynasty, okhilo befa kanye neziko ze-Longquan zinezici ezivulekile. Ngemuva kobukhosi beNgoma, iziko le-Jingdezhen nazo zaba nokushiswa kokulingisa.
Izimbambo - isici sokuhlobisa se-porcelain. I-Southern Song Dynasty Longquan kiln celadon, ezinye izingxenye zokukhiqizwa kwamapheshana aphumayo, lapho ukucwebezela kucwebezela kuncane kakhulu, umbala ulula, uhlukile, okungukuthi, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi izimbambo.
Iphethini yodaka lwe-Earthworm - isici esicwebezelisiwe se-porcelain. Lapho i-porcelain blank icwebezelisiwe futhi yomiswa, ungqimba olucwebezelayo lukhiqiza imifantu, futhi i-glaze iyageleza phakathi nenqubo yokudubula ukuze ivale imifantu, okuholela emifuleni esele ngemva kokuba isibungu somhlaba sikhasa sisuka odakeni, yingakho igama. Kuyisici esiyingqayizivele se-Jun kiln porcelain e-Yu County, eSifundazweni sase-Henan ku-Song Dynasty.
Iphethini ye-Crab claw â isici esicwebezelisiwe se-porcelain. Ngenxa yokucwebezela kwezitsha, ukucwebezela okuminyene kuyehla ukuze kwenze imikhondo esele ngemva kwezinyembezi, yingakho igama, elingesinye sezici ze-porcelain glaze emhlophe kuhhavini ye-Ding Yobukhosi Bengoma.
I-Jomon - enye yamaphethini okuhlobisa izitsha zobumba ze-Neolithic. Iqanjwe ngenxa yokuthi iphethini yakheke njengephethini yezintambo ezinamafindo. Izibambo zobumba ezisongelwe entanjeni noma eziqoshwe ngephethini yezintambo zisetshenziswa endaweni engenalutho yobumba engakaqedi, futhi ngemva kokudubula, iphethini ye-Jomon ishiywe ebusweni besitsha.
Iphethini yejometri - enye yamaphethini okuhlobisa ama-ceramics. Amaphuzu, imigqa, nezindawo zakha izinhlobonhlobo zezibalo zejiyomethri, yingakho igama. Okufana nephethini engunxantathu, iphethini yegridi, iphethini ye-checkered, iphethini ye-zigzag, iphethini yendilinga, iphethini yedayimane, iphethini ye-zigzag, iphethini yokuduma kwefu, iphethini yasemuva, njll.
